Self‐Powered Electrical Stimulation Strategies for Bone Regeneration

ABSTRACT Endogenous bioelectric cues regulate bone growth, repair, and remodeling. Conventional electrical stimulation can accelerate healing but is limited by wired power delivery, bulky hardware, and imprecise dosing. Self‐powered electrical stimulation converts mechanical, optical, thermal, magnetic, or biochemical energy into physiologically relevant electric fields and currents. Distinct from reviews that focus on a single modality or narrow device class, this review synthesizes materials, device architectures, and application considerations across piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators, photoelectric platforms, magnetoelectric composites, thermoelectric systems, bioelectrets, and biofuel cells. It further summarizes how these systems modulate membrane potential and Ca 2+ signaling, activate osteogenic programs, and coordinate angiogenesis and immune regulation. Key barriers include charge or polarization retention in ionic media, durability of devices and packaging under cyclic loading, stable output under small strains and temperature gradients, manufacturability, and rigorous validation in large, load‐bearing models; additional considerations include Magnetic Resonance Imaging compatibility and magnetic‐field safety for magnetoelectric implants. To improve comparability, a minimum reporting set is emphasized to quantify in situ tissue–device interface dose (field, current, waveform, duty cycle) together with input energy and biological readouts. Future directions include materials‐by‐design, hybrid harvesters with integrated storage, closed‐loop sensing and control, and patient‐specific digital planning.