A comprehensive review of environmental and health risks of textile dyes and strategies for eco-safe remediation

Abstract The improper disposal of wastewater, including dye-laden textile production effluent, continues to be a major concern around the world, contributing to water contamination. Both human and environmental health are severely compromised by this pollution. Its objective is to investigate the potential health and environmental risks associated with textile dyes, namely azo dyes, which account for more than 60% of the world’s total dye use. Toxic, bio accumulative, mutagenic, and carcinogenic risks are only a few of the many that can be linked to untreated wastewater. As a result of textile dyes’ capacity to reduce light penetration into aquatic environments, photosynthesis is impeded and ecological balance is upset. When they settle on land, they alter soil chemistry and microbial activity, which is detrimental for plant growth and health. There is also mounting evidence linking these colors to cancer, central nervous system issues, chronic dermatitis, and other health concerns in humans. This study looks at different ways to treat dye-contaminated wastewater, which shows how important it is to have technologies that are both good for the environment and good for business. Adsorption and membrane filtering are physical methods that accomplish the job, but they are costly and create harmful byproducts. To remove dyes in a non-toxic way, biological therapies use microbes, including fungus, bacteria, and algae. Colors can be rapidly removed using costly and environmentally damaging advanced oxidation and electrochemical processes. According to the research, the most effective and eco-friendly treatment systems combine chemical, biological, and physical methods. Physical and chemical procedures function well, but their high prices and harmful byproducts limit their efficiency. However, biological methods are cheaper, greener, and more sustainable. Their ineffectiveness and need for continued administration and surveillance remain important drawbacks. The best way to improve wastewater treatment efficacy and reduce detrimental effects on human and environmental health is to combine these methods and focus on economic and sustainable technology. The goal of this project is to find long-lasting ways to reduce the negative influences of textile dyes on people’s health and ecosystems by looking at current issues and potential solutions for managing wastewater. The study will specifically look into ways to improve the management of wastewater.