Phosphoproteomics reveals that camel and goat milk improve glucose homeostasis in HDF/STZ-induced diabetic rats through activation of hepatic AMPK and GSK3-GYS axis

Diabetes is a serious public health problem with global implications. Among many diabetes management therapies, non-pharmacological therapies such as those that focus on diet and exercise are gradually becoming more acceptable to patients. Within dietary management options, dairy products such as camel and goat milk are valued for their specific health benefits. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of camel and goat milk consumption on glucose homeostasis in high-fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) induced diabetic rats. HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats were fed with different milk for 35 days. Parameters related to glucose homeostasis, as well as hepatic proteome and phosphoproteome were investigated. The results of which showed that camel and goat milk consumption improved fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance, and indicators related to lipid metabolism, while bovine and sheep milk consumption did not work. In addition, the hepatic phosphoproteome suggests that the ameliorative effect of both camel and goat milk was associated with the activation of AMPK. However, camel milk consumption further elevated the phosphorylation level of hepatic ACC, while goat milk consumption activated GSK3-GYS axis-related proteins. The present study investigated the possible mechanisms by which camel and goat milk consumption improves glucose homeostasis in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats and revealed their differences in the mechanism of antidiabetic effect.