Aqueous eutectic lithium-ion electrolytes for wide-temperature operation

Abstract Enabling reliable operation of energy storage devices over a wide temperature range without safety failures is an urgent prerequisite for extending their applications. Conventional liquid electrolytes in energy storage devices fail to reach this goal due to their limitations in freezing/boiling temperatures and flammability (for organic electrolytes). Here, we demonstrate a new class of aqueous eutectic electrolyte (AEE) based on a colligative property of lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)-water binary mixture. The AEE (5.2 m LiTFSI in water) maximizes effect of freezing-point depression (below −40°C) and shows good electrochemical stability with electrode materials. We identify that a key-underlying mechanism of AEE is coordination of water molecules with Li+ and TFSI-. To explore potential use of AEE, we choose lithium-ion hybrid supercapacitors (HSC) as a model system. The AEE enables the HSC to provide exceptional high-rate cell performance over broad temperature ranges (−40°C ~ 100°C) without incurring fire or explosion.