Role of elicitors in the plant defense mechanism: A comprehensive review

Plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses, including pathogens, pests and environmental challenges. To survive, they have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms that can be activated upon recognition of specific signals known as elicitors. Elicitors are molecules that trigger physiological and biochemical responses in plants, leading to enhanced resistance. These compounds may originate from pathogens, host plants, or external sources and can induce a cascade of defense responses such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phytoalexins, pathogenesis-related proteins, and strengthening of cell walls. This review provides a comprehensive overview of different types of elicitors, their modes of action, signalling pathways and their role in inducing systemic resistance in plants. Additionally, the application of elicitors in sustainable agriculture and crop protection strategies is discussed. Understanding elicitor-mediated plant defense responses offers promising opportunities for developing eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and enhancing crop resilience.