SiO-induced thermal instability and interplay between graphite and SiO in graphite/SiO composite anode

Silicon monoxide (SiO), which exhibits better cyclability compared to silicon while delivering higher capacity than that of graphite, is an adequate material for the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) having higher energy densities. However, incorporating silicon-based materials including SiO into stable graphite anode inevitably degrades not only cycle life but also calendar life of LIBs, while little is known about their aging mechanisms. Here, SiO-induced thermal instability of the graphite/SiO composite anode is investigated. We reveal that under thermal exposure, SiO accelerates the loss of lithium inventory and concomitantly facilitates the lithium de-intercalation from graphite. This self-discharge phenomenon, which is weakly observed in the graphite anode without SiO, is the result of preferential parasitic reaction on the SiO interface and spontaneous electron and lithium-ion migration to equilibrate the electron energy imbalance between graphite and SiO. Understanding this underlying electron-level interplay between graphite and SiO in the composite anode will contribute toward improving shelf life of SiO-containing LIBs in actual operating conditions.