Effectiveness of small-sided games vs high-intensity interval training on physical fitness in female soccer players: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in international competitions and recreational leagues in female soccer. Small-sided games (SSGs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are considered effective training methods to enhance physical fitness in soccer players. Due to the limited research comparing these two protocols in female athletes, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate their effects on change of direction (COD), sprint time (ST), vertical jump (VJ), and endurance performance (END). Sources of data PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for original scientific articles up to 28 June 2025. Areas of agreement Results showed a significant effect favouring SSGs over HIIT protocols in improving COD, while no significant differences were found regarding ST, VJ, and END. Areas of controversy The limited and heterogeneous data currently available prevent definitive conclusions and sustain ongoing debate on this topic. Growing points This study provides a foundation for future research comparing SSGs and HIIT-based interventions in female soccer players. Areas timely for developing research Future research should focus on: (i) analyzing different SSG formats in adult participants; (ii) detailed examination of the benefits derived both from longer durations of short HIIT and large-sided games; and (iii) investigating performance improvements in young female soccer players across varying competitive levels and stages of maturation.