Adverse reactions of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in cancer: FEARS database analysis and protocols to mitigate immune-related events in elderly patients and when using pembrolizumab and atezolizumab

Age, sex, and drug-specific profiles critically influence PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor toxicity. The findings support personalized risk stratification and time-dependent monitoring protocols to mitigate immune-related adverse events, particularly in elderly and male patients. These insights enhance evidence-based management strategies for optimizing immunotherapy safety.