Electric‐Field‐Assisted 3D Printing of Personalized Piezoelectric Implants for Non‐Load‐Bearing Bone Fracture Repair

Abstract Non‐load‐bearing bone fractures remain a clinical challenge due to their limited self‐healing ability. Conventional implant scaffolds lack personalized 3D structures and show limited osteoinductivity. Herein, an ultrasound‐responsive piezoelectric scaffold with customized 3D structures is fabricated with an electric field–assisted 3D printing strategy. The prepared piezoelectric scaffold demonstrates an excellent piezoelectric coefficient with up to 3.5 pC N −1 and a natural bone‐comparable compressive modulus of ≈125.3 MPa. Notably, the piezoelectric scaffold can promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) by activating Voltage‐Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) related Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM) signaling pathways and enhancing intracellular calcium influx under low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation. In repairing rat cranial fractures, the piezoelectric scaffold exhibits significant healing efficacy. This study exploits an effective treatment approach for non‐load‐bearing bone fractures and lays the foundation for the repair of critical bone defects.