Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. derived extracellular vesicles alleviate mastitis via NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB/MAPK pathways

, TH-EVs alleviated histopathological damage, decreased myeloperoxidase activity, inhibited T lymphocyte activation, and reduced oxidative stress in mammary tissues. Mechanistically, TH-EVs inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB and MAPK pathways. This study demonstrates that TH-EVs are a potent natural nanotherapeutic agent for mastitis, with potential for translational applications.