Typical community structure and functional genes of anammox and changes in the effects of saline wastewaters: A critical review

Anammox is the most promising technology for ammonia-rich wastewater treatment due to its high efficiency and minimal energy requirements. Diverse microbial communities and their functional genes in anammox systems serve a crucial role in nitrogen removal. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the specific description and characterization of the phylum and genus among anammox systems and analyzes the impact of emerging salts in wastewater on the anammox process, including their effects on reactor performance and functional genes in the nitrogen metabolism pathway. In addition, recommendations for the operation of an anammox reactor and alterations of functional genes for anammox bacteria were provided, and a comprehensive analysis of cellular metabolism was conducted. Future research should employ additional historiographic techniques (macrobiochemistry, transgenics, metabolism, etc.) to better comprehend anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacterial metabolism and microbial interactions.