Evolution analysis of product service ecosystem based on interval Pythagorean fuzzy DEMATEL-ISM-SD combination model

Due to the emergence of new technologies and business models, the original competitive landscape of enterprises has been disrupted. Enterprises need to embrace change and respond to environmental complexity and uncertainty through ecological reconstruction. This has led to a new business model, the product service ecosystem. To obtain unique competitive advantages, enterprises need to understand the evolution process of the product service ecosystem and constantly adjust their ecological strategies. Based on an extensive review of the literature, this study identified 26 factors that influence the evolution of the product service ecosystem. The evolution of the product service ecosystem is a complex process in which various factors interact with each other and jointly contribute to the evolution of the system. Therefore, using the interval Pythagorean fuzzy DEMATEL-ISM combination method, this study analyzed the impact of different factors on the evolution of the product service ecosystem and the influence pathways between them. Based on the results of the interval Pythagorean fuzzy DEMATEL-ISM combination method analysis, a product service ecosystem SD model was constructed, and the sensitivity of the SD model was analyzed under four different scenarios, including changes in product intelligence level, service platform construction quality, industry innovation investment, and market environment support intensity. The study concluded that promoting the positive evolution and development of the product service ecosystem should be achieved by improving product intelligence level, service platform construction quality, increasing industry innovation investment, and enhancing market environment support intensity. The research results have significant guiding implications for enterprises, market institutions, and government agencies to develop and implement effective measures to promote the positive evolution of the product service ecosystem.