Design of carbon and graphene quantum dots based nanotheranostics applications for glioblastoma management: Recent advanced and future prospects

The primary challenges in combating Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) include the lack of early detection methods and precision therapies. In response to this pressing need, this review discusses the applications of carbon-based fluorescent nanomaterials, such as carbon quantum dots (CQDs/CDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which have ushered in a new era of innovative approaches for early detection and treatment of GBM at the cellular level. The exceptional properties exhibited by GQDs and CQDs have expanded the horizons of GBM management. Surface modifications of these nanomaterials in the context of GBM treatment have yielded promising results, providing excellent biocompatibility and stability for normal cells while exerting toxicity against cancer cells, thereby demonstrating exceptional selectivity. The remarkable photo-physical attributes of CQDs and GQDs have underscored their suitability for advanced anticancer therapies, including photodynamic and photothermal therapies. Furthermore, integrating anticancer agents into CQDs and GQDs, along with receptor-based targeting systems, has significantly enhanced their potential in combating GBM due to their remarkable specificity. Research involving GBM-associated cell lines and animal models has validated the bioimaging capabilities of these nanomaterials, primarily owing to their distinctive fluorescence properties. Finally, the development of GBM biosensors utilizing CQDs and GQDs-based fluorescent and electrochemical platforms has demonstrated a high degree of selectivity, sensitivity, and real-time applicability. In conclusion, the adoption of fluorescent CQDs and GQDs for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional GBM management strategies.