Effective integrated thermal management using hygroscopic hydrogel for photovoltaic-thermoelectric applications

, the waste heat generated by the photovoltaic cells can be harnessed by the TEG to produce an additional voltage output of 0.15 V. Additionally, the hygroscopic hydrogel used in the system can be regenerated through the absorption of water molecules from the atmosphere following evaporation. The superior performance of this proposed integrated photovoltaic cooling system not only improves the efficiency of photovoltaic systems but also enhances their energy conversion capabilities. Consequently, this system offers a novel approach to thermal management in photovoltaic technology.