Biosensor driven biomarker analysis: pioneering advancements in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic strategies

Early cancer detection significantly improves treatment outcomes; however, many cancers remain undiagnosed until advanced stages. This highlights the urgent need for rapid and precise diagnostic tools. Biosensors offer a transformative approach in cancer diagnostics by enabling early detection and continuous monitoring through the identification of molecular biomarkers. Biosensors function by converting biological elements-such as proteins, RNA, or genetic material-into measurable electrical signals. These devices are tailored to detect specific biomarkers, including proteins, peptides, gene mutations, or abnormal gene expression levels associated with various cancers. Biosensors provide high sensitivity and specificity in identifying cancer cells. They enable real-time monitoring of tumour progression, angiogenesis, and treatment responses. These tools also facilitate accurate imaging of cancer cells and help evaluate the effectiveness of targeted therapies such as chemotherapy. The integration of biosensors into clinical practice could revolutionize cancer diagnostics by offering early, accurate, and minimally invasive detection methods. This review explores recent advances in biosensor development, the evolving landscape of cancer biomarkers, and the application of different biosensor technologies in cancer detection. Additionally, it addresses current limitations and challenges in clinical implementation, emphasizing the potential of biosensors to enhance patient outcomes through early intervention.