OECD National Educational Expenditure on Human Resources and Educational Efficiency

ABSTRACT Education is an important factor in promoting social mobility and improving the quality of human capital. The literature on educational efficiency mainly focuses on the performance of a single country or year, with little measurement of efficiency over a long period of time or on a single level of education. This research suggests that to measure a country's educational efficiency performance and to be objective, it is necessary to simultaneously measure three parts: junior high school, high school, and higher education. It extracts Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicators from 2012, 2015, and 2018 and establishes a three‐stage network slacks‐based measure (SBM) model and strategic matrix to explore efficiency and overall efficiency performance of education stages in 24 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Findings show that education spending in every country is on the rise, but the PISA composite indicator of international student performance is gradually declining. Estonia has the best efficiency, with an average total efficiency of 1, followed by Latvia (0.9368) and Türkiye (0.9189).