Normal moveout from dipping reflectors in anisotropic media

Abstract Description of reflection moveout from dipping interfaces is important in developing seismic processing methods for anisotropic media, as well as in the inversion of reflection data. Here, I present a concise analytic expression for normal-moveout (NMO) velocities valid for a wide range of homogeneous anisotropic models including transverse isotropy with a tilted in-plane symmetry axis and symmetry planes in orthorhombic media.In transversely isotropic media, NMO velocity for quasi-P-waves may deviate substantially from the isotropic cosine-of-dip dependence used in conventional constant-velocity dip-moveout (DMO) algorithms. However, numerical studies of NMO velocities have revealed no apparent correlation between the conventional measures of anisotropy and errors in the cosine-of-dip DMO correction ('DMO errors'). The analytic treatment developed here shows that for transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis, the magnitude of DMO errors is dependent primarily on the difference between Thomsen parameters epsilon and delta . For the most common case, epsilon - delta > 0, the cosine-of-dip-corrected moveout velocity remains significantly larger than the moveout velocity for a horizontal reflector. DMO errors at a dip of 45 degrees may exceed 20-25 percent, even for weak anisotropy. By comparing analytically derived NMO velocities with moveout velocities calculated on finite spreads, I analyze anisotropy-induced deviations from hyperbolic moveout for dipping reflectors.For transversely isotropic media with a vertical velocity gradient and typical (positive) values of the difference epsilon - delta , inhomogeneity tends to reduce (sometimes significantly) the influence of anisotropy on the dip dependence of moveout velocity.