Advances in Optimizing Low-Temperature Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries: Electrolyte Engineering, Electrode Materials Modification, and Interface Engineering

Owing to severe capacity loss and safety hazards of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in low-temperature environments, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs)—which share technical similarities with LIBs, coupled with abundant raw material reserves and low cost—exhibit particularly notable advantages in capacity retention, cycling stability, and operational safety, and thus are gaining widespread attention. With the growing demand for energy storage, especially in scenarios such as high-altitude, polar, and deep-sea environments, they still confront significant challenges including performance degradation and reduced service life under low-temperature conditions. In this review, emphasis is placed on elaborating the challenges faced by SIBs under low-temperature conditions. It analyzes the causes of performance degradation of SIBs under low-temperature conditions from three aspects: electrolytes, electrodes, and interfaces, as well as the chemical design strategies optimized from the above three aspects to enhance their performance. Finally, this review summarizes the key challenges and future prospects of SIBs in low-temperature environments. It aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for research and applications of SIBs in low-temperature scenarios, and to promote the advancement of sodium-ion battery technology under low-temperature conditions.