Transformation of Bisphenols by Gut Microbiota: Insights into Species-Specific Pathways and Toxicity Implications

. Bis-HPPP exhibited a lower cytotoxicity than Bis-GMA in cytotoxicity assays. Furthermore, compared to Bis-HPPP, Bis-GMA induced more severe damage to human intestinal organoid function, including effects on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and the expression of key biomarkers. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the species-specific transformation of environmental contaminants by a human GM, highlighting the important role of microbial transformation in modulating toxicity of environmental pollutants.