Dissolvable microneedles loaded with denosumab alleviate knee osteoarthritis in rodent and canine models by inhibiting macrophage senescence

Targeting senescent macrophages via MNs@De attenuates OA progression without requiring intra-articular injections or increasing systemic drug exposure. Microneedle-mediated denosumab delivery offers a minimally invasive, localized therapeutic strategy for OA.