Entanglements and Fracture in Polymers

Polymer chains entangle when they are sufficiently long, dense, and mobile, comprising the microstructure of polymers. Entangled polymer chains cannot pass each other, but they slip and transmit tension to other polymer chains, showing unique effects on elastic and viscoelastic properties, as well as fracture properties. This review discusses recent advancements in understanding the relationship between entanglements and fracture. A summary of various fracture properties, including toughness, strength, stretchability, work of fracture, fatigue threshold, and endurance limit, across different polymeric systems, including gels, elastomers, and plastics, is provided with discussions on the role of entanglements. A thorough understanding of how entanglements affect fracture properties will enable a rational design of mechanically durable polymers and provide insights into inferring polymer structures from fracture properties.