The Differential Effect of Metformin on Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts

Abstract Purpose of Review Metformin is an anti-glycemic agent, which is widely prescribed to diabetes patients. Although its alleged role on bone strength has been reported for some time, this review focuses primarily on the recent mechanistical insights of metformin on osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Recent Findings Overall, metformin contributed to steering anabolic activity in osteocytes. It caused lower expression in osteocytes of the negative regulators of bone formation sclerostin and DKK1. Likewise, the osteoclastogenesis function of osteoblasts was also skewed towards lower RANKL and higher OPG expressions. Osteoblast lineage cells generally responded to metformin by activating bone formation parameters, such as alkaline phosphatase activity, higher expression of anabolic members of the Wnt pathway, transcription factor Runx2, bone matrix protein proteins, and subsequent mineralization. Metformin affected osteoclast formation and activity in a negative way, reducing the number of multinucleated cells in association with lower expression of typical osteoclast markers and with inhibited resorption. A common denominator studied in all three cell types is its beneficial effect on activating phosphorylated AMP kinase (AMPK) which is associated with the coordination of energy metabolism. Summary Metformin differentially affects bone cells, shifting the balance to more bone formation. Although metformin is a drug prescribed for diabetic patients, the overall bone anabolic effects on osteocytes and osteoblasts and the anti-catabolic effect on osteoclast suggest that metformin could be seen as a promising drug in the bone field.