Gain and loss energy generation of perovskite/sc-Si tandem solar cells with series and parallel configurations compared with sc-Si solar cell under real environmental factors based on detailed balance limit

Gain and loss energy generations of perovskite/Si tandem solar cells with two-terminal (2T), four-terminal (4T), and series parallel tandem (SPT) structures compared with single-junction Si solar cell (gain & loss vs. sc-Si) were investigated through the estimation of the detailed balance limits based on actual environmental factors (average photon energy (APE), irradiance, and module temperature) in a year with total data point of 201139 at the outdoor location in Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu-city, Shiga-prefecture in Japan. It is found that the perovskite/Si tandem solar cell with 2T structure is most appropriate at outdoor locations possessing the APE of 1.5 eV representing the red-rich spectrum. According to the examination of environmental factors, the outdoor site in Ritsumeikan university possesses the annual average APE of 1.64 eV indicating the slightly blue-rich spectrum throughout a year. Ultimately, the lowest gain & loss vs. sc-Si of 7.16% in a case of 2T configuration is obtained, which is attributed to the current mismatching. On the other hand, the high gain & loss vs. sc-Si of 31.30% in a case of SPT configuration and 32.38% in a case of 4T structure are suitable at the investigated outdoor site, thus yielding annual energy generations of 467.2 kWh/m2 for SPT and 471.0 kWh/m2 for 4T. The outcome is beneficial to predict the energy generation of the perovskite/Si tandem solar cell with suitable configuration before the PV installation at the given outdoor site.