The expanded immunoregulatory protease network in mosquitoes is governed by gene co-expression

Abstract Serine protease cascades regulate key innate immune responses. In mosquitoes, these cascades involve clip-domain serine proteases and their non-catalytic homologs (CLIPs), forming a complex network whose make-up and structural organization is not fully understood. This study assessed the impact of 85 CLIPs on humoral immunity in Anopheles gambiae . By coupling RNAi with assays measuring antimicrobial activity and melanization, we identified 27 CLIPs as immunoregulators that together form two distinct subnetworks. CLIPs regulating antimicrobial activity were found to control infection resistance, as knockdowns reduced bacterial load and improved survival. Furthermore, our analysis of CLIP gene expression unveiled a novel immunoregulatory mechanism reliant on protease baseline co-expression rather than infection-induced upregulation. These findings underscore that despite its complexity mosquito immune regulation may be targeted for malaria interventions.