A systematic literature review of Mobility as a Service: Examining the socio-technical factors in MaaS adoption and bundling packages

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has been gaining popularity as a result of massive information and communication technology development in the transport sector. Studies examining mobility bundles and the factors behind their uptake have been published in recent years. Current paper provides a systematic literature review focusing on the socio-technical factors related to the adoption of MaaS and the creation of mobility packages. First, several methods, such as data collection, experimental design, and modeling techniques are studied to examine user preferences toward MaaS. This is followed by an analysis including socio-demographic variables, travel characteristics, psychological factors, and built environment variables. Afterward, the creation process of mobility packages is reviewed, where the included transport modes in the bundles are analyzed. Furthermore, the subscription options and add-ons are discussed, such as parking, dining, food delivery, and a high service guarantee. Based on the analysis of 29 relevant articles, socio-demographic factors show inconsistency regarding their impact on user preferences, while travel pattern variables are found to be more solid. Mobility packages are mainly tailored using current travel pattern data. The review reveals some less included factors as well as methodological gaps in the literature. Finally, directions for future studies are suggested, including using revealed preference data, considering the built environment factors, expanding the study location, and examining new potential user groups of MaaS adopters.