Data-driven Game-theoretic Model Based on Blockchain for Managing Resource Allocation and Vehicle Routing in Modular Integrated Construction

In modular integrated construction (MiC), the resource allocation problem (RAP) adopted by construction sites and vehicle routing problem (VRP) adopted by logistics companies are highly interdependent. However, this interdependence has been overlooked in the literature. Thus, the plans determined by each problem cannot be achieved practically. Moreover, there is no existing VRP model suitable for the MiC application. This study aims to propose a VRP model suitable for MiC, investigate the interdependence between the RAP and proposed VRP model, and develop a blockchain system to secure information sharing between the RAP and VRP. The first two objectives are achieved by developing a coordinated system formulated as a leader-follower Stackelberg game model (LFSGM). This model is presented as a bi-level optimisation model and solved using a nested ant colony optimisation-based algorithm. The effectiveness of the LFSGM is validated using a real case study. The results show that using the traditional approach (i.e. a separate RAP and proposed VRP) succeeds in providing a plan for the construction sites but not for the logistics company. In contrast, the LFSGM offers applicable plans for both the construction sites and logistics company. Lastly, some managerial implications are identified and discussed.