Intestinal IL-33 promotes microbiota-derived trimethylamine N-oxide synthesis and drives metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease progression by exerting dual regulation on HIF-1α

Intestinal IL-33 enhanced gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine N -oxide synthesis and aggravated MASLD progression through dual regulation on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Targeting IL-33 and its associated microbiota may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for managing MASLD.