Visualising the boundary sharpness of uterine zonal structures using high-resolution T2-weighted images during the menstrual cycle

•Uterine 3D high-resolution T2-weighted images were obtained during the menstrual cycle. •Peri-ovulatory phase exhibited the clearest boundaries of the corpus zonal structures. •Menstrual phases have little influence on the depiction of cervical zonal structures. Aim To investigate whether there is an optimal time in the menstrual cycle to obtain the best image quality of uterine zonal structures with high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and methods Thirty-eight normal volunteers with regular menstrual cycles underwent pelvic 3 T high-resolution T2-weighted three-dimensional (3D) turbo spin echo (TSE) with variable flip angle MRI examinations during the menstrual phase (MP), follicular phase (FP), peri-ovulatory phase (OP), and luteal phase (LP). Two radiologists blinded evaluated the boundary sharpness of the three zonal structures of the uterine corpus and cervix on mid-sagittal images using a three-point Likert-scale. The signal intensity (SI) on T2-weighted sequences of each zonal structure was measured and the ratio between the SI of adjacent structures was calculated. Paired Wilcoxon's test and repeated measurement analysis of variance were used to investigate the differences among the four phases. Results No variation during the menstrual cycle was found in 10.5% (4/38) of volunteers and their boundaries were all well-defined. The OP exhibited the clearest boundaries of the corpus zonal structures. For the endometrium to junctional zone, mean scores of boundary sharpness from high to low were 3 (OP), 2.97 (FP), 2.76 (LP), 2.74 (MP); that for the junctional zone to myometrium were 2.76 (OP), 2.42 (FP), 2.32 (LP), 2.11 (MP); which were consistent with the SI ratio results. The results for the cervix showed no statistical difference during the menstrual cycle (p>0.05), and was well-defined throughout. Conclusions The OP is recommended as the best phase to investigate zonal-related uterine corpus diseases due to the best contrast. For cervical diseases, imaging could be performed when necessary at any time point, due to the limited influence of menstrual phases on cervical zone delineation. To investigate whether there is an optimal time in the menstrual cycle to obtain the best image quality of uterine zonal structures with high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thirty-eight normal volunteers with regular menstrual cycles underwent pelvic 3 T high-resolution T2-weighted three-dimensional (3D) turbo spin echo (TSE) with variable flip angle MRI examinations during the menstrual phase (MP), follicular phase (FP), peri-ovulatory phase (OP), and luteal phase (LP). Two radiologists blinded evaluated the boundary sharpness of the three zonal structures of the uterine corpus and cervix on mid-sagittal images using a three-point Likert-scale. The signal intensity (SI) on T2-weighted sequences of each zonal structure was measured and the ratio between the SI of adjacent structures was calculated. Paired Wilcoxon's test and repeated measurement analysis of variance were used to investigate the differences among the four phases. No variation during the menstrual cycle was found in 10.5% (4/38) of volunteers and their boundaries were all well-defined. The OP exhibited the clearest boundaries of the corpus zonal structures. For the endometrium to junctional zone, mean scores of boundary sharpness from high to low were 3 (OP), 2.97 (FP), 2.76 (LP), 2.74 (MP); that for the junctional zone to myometrium were 2.76 (OP), 2.42 (FP), 2.32 (LP), 2.11 (MP); which were consistent with the SI ratio results. The results for the cervix showed no statistical difference during the menstrual cycle (p>0.05), and was well-defined throughout. The OP is recommended as the best phase to investigate zonal-related uterine corpus diseases due to the best contrast. For cervical diseases, imaging could be performed when necessary at any time point, due to the limited influence of menstrual phases on cervical zone delineation.