Oil-in-dispersion emulsions stabilized by electrostatic repulsions between surfactant and tea polyphenol nanoparticles

Stable oil-in-dispersion emulsions are achieved at ultralow additive levels (0.006 wt% EG-NPs and 0.03 mM SDS) through a same-charge cooperative mechanism between anionic SDS and negatively charged EG-NPs. Electrostatic repulsion ensures stability, enabling reversible control and broad oil compatibility, thereby offering a sustainable, low-concentration, and environmentally benign emulsification strategy.