Accelerated intraporous blood flow in directional sponges amplifies coagulation factor activation for rapid hemostasis

bleeding models further demonstrated that blood-flow-accelerating sponges coupled rapid blood uptake with accelerated clot formation, thereby reducing blood loss and shortening the time to hemostasis. These findings establish confined intraporous blood flow as an active and programmable material parameter that regulates coagulation-factor delivery and sequential cascade activation. Harnessing flow-amplified contact activation provides a counterintuitive design principle for reconciling rapid blood transport with robust clot consolidation in porous hemostatic dressings.