Qualitative Comparative Analysis in Tourism, Leisure, and Hospitality Studies: Bridging Methodological Polarities

Complex interactions among human behaviour, organisational processes, and consumer experiences characterise the tourism, leisure, and hospitality field. Traditional symmetrical research methods often impose rigid models and linear relationships, resulting in oversimplified conclusions that fail to capture the complexities of these domains. In contrast, asymmetrical Qualitative Comparative Analysis, such as fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Necessary Condition Analysis, provides a more detailed framework for understanding these complexities. Therefore, by integrating fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis’s configurational insights with Necessary Condition Analysis’s identification of necessary and sufficient conditions, this study demonstrates how these methodologies effectively bridge gaps in symmetrical qualitative and quantitative approaches. A total of 82 articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases were selected and analysed. The fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis allows researchers to explore causal relationships among multiple configurations without rigid dichotomisation. This flexibility is particularly beneficial in this research field, where a variety of factors are examined. Conversely, Necessary Condition Analysis emphasises the identification of sufficient and necessary conditions that must be met for specific outcomes to occur, providing clarity on the constraints within which these outcomes manifest. The study illustrates the synergistic application of fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Necessary Condition Analysis through a compelling case study, revealing a complex causal recipe that enhances understanding of the factors that lead to operational efficiency and sustainability in the hospitality industry. This dual methodological framework enables scholars and practitioners to gain deeper insights into the complexities of the field and to drive impactful practices.