Fabrication and characterization of green synthesized Fe 3 O 4 ‒PVP/PVA composite nanofibers

Abstract This study fabricates and characterizes composite nanofibers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and green-synthesized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) via electrospinning techniques. PVP and PVA formed the matrix, while incorporation of green-synthesized Fe 3 O 4 using Moringa oleifera enhanced magnetic and functional properties. The optimal PVP (8%)/PVA (10%)/ Fe 3 O 4 (0.25 g) composition resulted in smooth, continuous fibers with uniform NP distribution, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. UV–vis analysis showed a band gap decrease from 4.26 eV to 1.69 eV, and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements indicated superparamagnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization of 21.34 emu g −1 . Water contact angle examination revealed increased hydrophobicity with higher Fe 3 O 4 content. Energy dispersive X-ray confirmed the presence of C, O, N, and Fe, verifying successful incorporation. These results highlight that Fe 3 O 4 addition significantly modifies the nanofibers optical, magnetic, and surface properties, making them promising for electronic, photocatalytic, and biomedical applications.