Role of apolipoprotein E in electronegative low-density lipoprotein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes

Objective L5, a highly electronegative subtype of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), is likely associated with the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Normal LDL is composed mainly of apolipoprotein (Apo) B, but L5 has additional proteins such as ApoE. We previously demonstrated that L5 induces endothelial cell senescence by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. In the present study, we examined the effect of L5 on mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes. Methods We used the Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer to examine the effect of L5 and its components on mitochondrial energy production. The effects of L5 on mitochondrial morphology were examined by immunofluorescence using MitoTracker Green FM and the corresponding probes in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Mitochondrial permeability was assessed by using a calcium-induced swelling assay with a voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) inhibitor to determine VDAC-dependence both in vitro and in vivo. L5 without ApoE, referred to as △L5, was used to clarify the role of ApoE in L5-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Results L5 not only significantly decreased basal (P < 0.05) and maximal respiration (P < 0.01) but also reduced spare respiratory capacity (P < 0.01) in H9c2 cells. Additionally, L5 caused phosphorylation of Drp1 and mitochondrial fission. Recombinant ApoE mimicked the mitochondrial effects of L5, but △L5 did not cause similar effects. After entering cells, ApoE on L5 colocalized with mitochondrial VDAC and caused mitochondria swelling both in vitro and in vivo. This effect was also seen with recombinant ApoE but not △L5. Conclusions ApoE may play an important role in electronegative LDL-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore via the interaction of ApoE and VDAC.