Recent advances of ruthenium-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen energy

Ruthenium (Ru)-based electrocatalysts are considered among the most promising candidates for the generation and utilization of hydrogen from membrane electrolyzers and fuel cells, respectively. However, the overall performance of Ru-based electrocatalysts is still far from satisfactory in practical applications. In this review, recent progress of Ru-based electrocatalysts and their related applications has been summarized. Our primary focus is to clarify the advantages and merits of Ru-based electrocatalysts, followed by detailed design strategies, including alloying, heteroatom doping, phase regulation, and the effect of the substrate. Finally, future perspectives and challenges on Ru-based electrocatalysts are discussed. This review highlights achievements and possible approaches to advance the future applications of Ru-based electrocatalysts in the field of membrane technologies.