Metal-organic frameworks based single-atom catalysts for advanced fuel cells and rechargeable batteries

The next-generation energy storage systems such as fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and alkali metal (Li, Na)-chalcogen (S, Se) batteries have received increasing attention owing to their high energy density and low cost. However, one of the main obstacles of these systems is the poor reaction kinetics in the involved chemical reactions. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate suitable and efficient catalysts into the cell. These years, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are emerging as a frontier in catalysis due to their maximum atom efficiency and unique reaction selectivity. For SACs fabrication, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been confirmed as promising templates or precursors due to their high metal loadings, structural adjustability, porosity, and tailorable catalytic site. In this review, we summarize effective strategies for fabricating SACs by MOFs with corresponding advanced characterization techniques and illustrate the key role of MOFs-based SACs in these batteries by explaining their reaction mechanisms and challenges. Finally, current applications, prospects, and opportunities for MOFs-based SACs in energy storage systems are discussed.