Alcohol‐induced liver injury is mediated via α4‐containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in hepatocytes

Our previous study demonstrated that alcohol induced the expression of the α4 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the livers of wild type mice (WT), and that whole-body α4 nAChR knockout mice (α4KO) showed protection against alcohol-induced steatosis, inflammation, and injury. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that hepatocyte-specific α4 nAChRs may directly contribute to the detrimental effects of alcohol on the liver. Hepatocyte-specific α4 knockout mice (α4HepKO) were generated, and the absence of α4 nAChR was confirmed through PCR of genomic DNA. Female WT and α4HepKO mice were exposed to alcohol in the NIAAA chronic + binge model. After 10 days on the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing 5% (vol/vol) alcohol or isocaloric maltose-dextrin, the mice were gavaged with a single dose of alcohol or isocaloric maltose-dextrin. The mice were euthanized 9 h later and their organs harvested. Additionally, hepatocytes were isolated from WT, α4HepKO, α4floxed, and α4KO mice and exposed to 80 mM alcohol in vitro for 24 h. Steatosis, inflammation, and cell injury were assessed in both liver and isolated hepatocytes. In WT mice, alcohol exposure resulted in hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and injury as evidenced by increased liver triglycerides, neutrophil infiltration, and serum concentrations of liver enzymes. All of these responses were markedly lower in α4HepKO mice. mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis (Srebf1, Fasn, and Dgat2) and inflammation (TNFα, Cxcl5, Cxcl1, and Serpine1) were increased in the livers of WT mice exposed to alcohol in vivo and in WT hepatocytes exposed to alcohol in vitro. These changes were not observed in liver or hepatocytes from mice lacking α4 nAChRs. α4 nAChRs expressed in hepatocytes mediate alcohol-associated hepatoxicity. Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies targeting hepatocyte α4-containing nAChRs could help reduce the burden of ALD.