Review and prospect on low-temperature lithium-sulfur battery

The commercial viability of energy storage systems in portable electronic devices, electric cars, and energy storage stations is constrained by various factors, including the Earth's seasonal variations, the diurnal cycle, and regional temperature differences. In addition, energy storage devices play a crucial role in the functioning of airplanes, space exploration endeavors, and subsea activities. It is worth noting that batteries exhibit sluggish kinetics when operating at low temperatures. This phenomenon gives rise to a range of issues stemming from the slower reaction kinetics, including heightened internal resistance, non-uniform reaction distribution, and reduced utilization of active components. Accordingly, there is a significant need to improve the cold-weather capabilities of energy storage systems owing to the rapid expansion of the electric industry. Due to their considerable theoretical specific capacity, lithium-sulfur batteries exhibit significant potential for utilization in energy storage systems operating at low temperatures. The research being conducted concerning the primary determinants influencing the electrochemical efficiency at low temperatures, as well as their underlying physical and chemical characteristics, holds considerable importance for the advancement of low-temperature lithium-sulfur batteries. To develop a thorough understanding of low-temperature lithium-sulfur batteries, this study provides an extensive review of the current advancements in different aspects, such as cathodes, electrolytes, separators, active materials, and binders. Additionally, the corresponding mechanisms pertaining to these components are also discussed. We offer insights into the contentious matter of low-temperature lithium-sulfur batteries.