Foliar application of Fe 2 O 3 nanofertilizer on growth and yield of cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L.) cv. Pusa Snowball K-1

The growth, yield, and quality of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) cv. Pusa Snowball K-1 were studied using Fe₂O₃-nano fertilizer (Fe₂O₃-N) in combination with Azotobacter, Farmyard manure (FYM), and Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Hydrothermally synthesized Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles characterized with XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The experiment consisting 12 treatments viz. T₁ (Fe₂O₃-N), T₂ comprising of Fe₂O₃-N + FYM + Azotobacter + PSB, T₃ (Fe₂O₃-N + Azotobacter + PSB), T₄ (Fe₂O₃-N + FYM + Azotobacter), T₅ (Fe₂O₃-N + FYM + PSB), T₆ (Fe₂O₃-N + FYM), T₇ (Fe₂O₃-N + Azotobacter), T₈ (Fe₂O₃-N + PSB), T₉ (PSB), T₁₀ (Azotobacter), T₁₁ (FYM), and T₁₂ (control). Fe₂O₃ NPs positively enhance the photosynthetic activity and stimulate catalyze enzymatic action in plant leaves that effect the health of the plant and remarkably increase the crop yield. Application of Fe₂O₃-nano fertilizer (Fe₂O₃-N) along the Azotobacter, FYM, and PSB was shown encouraging growth effects to improve the cropping behavior. Fe₂O₃ NPs positively enhance the photosynthetic activity and stimulate catalyze enzymatic action in plant leaves that effect the health of the plant and remarkably increase the crop yield.