Application of Orem's theory‐based caring programs among chronically ill adults: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis

Abstract Aim This study aimed to clarify the value of caring programs developed according to Orem's Self‐Care Deficit Nursing Theory regarding quality of life and self‐care as the primary outcomes and self‐efficacy, anxiety, depression, and stress as the secondary outcomes among individuals aged 18–70 years with chronic diseases. Background Chronically ill patients need to receive appropriate self‐care training, counseling, and support. In this regard, the use of caring programs developed based on theories is highly suggested. Orem's Nursing Theory is the most well‐known theory that provides a structure to involve patients in their self‐care activities. Introduction Orem's Nursing Theory has been increasingly applied to guide practice for patients with chronic health conditions. However, recent trials have reported conflicting findings on the value of its application. Methods Eight information sources (e.g., Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and Scopus) and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched up to 30 March 2022. Results A total of 46 studies and 11 study register entries were eligible. Orem's theory‐based interventions significantly improved the quality of life, self‐care, and self‐efficacy as well as significantly reduced anxiety and depression. However, the value of the interventions on stress was uncertain, as performing the meta‐analysis was not possible. Discussion Orem's Nursing Theory can help nurses in different fields to dynamically and carefully evaluate patients’ self‐care ability and implement appropriate nursing measures tailored to their needs, interests, and problems. Considering the inconsistent evidence to support the empirical adequacy of this theory, high‐quality reviews are essential. Conclusion Orem's theory‐based programs had a favorable effect on taking care of adults with chronic diseases. Implications This study augments the previous reviews related to the applicability of Orem's Nursing Theory. Considering the undesirable evidence quality and the high between‐study heterogeneity, further well‐designed trials are required to draw an evidence‐based conclusion.