Extrathoracic subclavian‐axillary vein location and morphological features over the first rib for pacemaker and defibrillator lead implantation

We aimed to describe the variations of extrathoracic subclavian-axillary vein location and its morphology over the first rib by venography in order to facilitate venous puncture using fluoroscopic landmarks without contrast venography, and evaluate the success rate of punctures, which is made with our method.