Predicting Unacceptable Pain in Cardiac Surgery Patients Receiving Morphine Maintenance and Rescue Doses: A Model-Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis

The pharmacodynamics of morphine after cardiac surgery was successfully quantified using RTTE modeling. Future studies can be used to expand the model to better predict morphine's pharmacodynamics on the individual level and to include the pharmacodynamics of other analgesics so that improved postoperative pain treatment protocols can be developed.