Zn2+‐Dependent DNAzymes: From Solution Chemistry to Analytical, Materials and Therapeutic Applications

Abstract Since 1994, deoxyribozymes or DNAzymes have been in vitro selected to catalyze various types of reactions. Metal ions play a critical role in DNAzyme catalysis, and Zn 2+ is a very important one among them. Zn 2+ has good biocompatibility and can be used for intracellular applications. Chemically, Zn 2+ is a Lewis acid and it can bind to both the phosphate backbone and the nucleobases of DNA. Zn 2+ undergoes hydrolysis even at neutral pH, and the partially hydrolyzed polynuclear complexes can affect the interactions with DNA. These features have made Zn 2+ a unique cofactor for DNAzyme reactions. This review summarizes Zn 2+ ‐dependent DNAzymes with an emphasis on RNA‐/DNA‐cleaving reactions. A key feature is the sharp Zn 2+ concentration and pH‐dependent activity for many of the DNAzymes. The applications of these DNAzymes as biosensors for Zn 2+ , as therapeutic agents to cleave intracellular RNA, and as chemical biology tools to manipulate DNA are discussed. Future studies can focus on the selection of new DNAzymes with improved performance and detailed biochemical characterizations to understand the role of Zn 2+ , which can facilitate practical applications of Zn 2+ ‐dependent DNAzymes.