Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the anterior mediastinum

Anterior mediastinal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) are extremely rare, extremely aggressive malignancies that carry a dismal prognosis. We discuss a woman aged 60 years who presented with a 2-month history of recurrent severe constant epigastric pain. Abdominal examination revealed massive hepatomegaly and a CT scan of the liver confirmed coarse liver lesions. Histology from a liver biopsy was consistent with a large cell (non-small cell) neuroendocrine carcinoma. A CT scan of the chest showed a large anterior mediastinal mass unrelated to the lung, suggesting that the anterior mediastinum was the primary origin of the tumour. The patient was planned to receive platinum/etoposide chemotherapy for a metastatic mediastinal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Unfortunately, her health deteriorated, and she was unfit to undergo any further treatment. She was treated palliatively and died 2 months after the diagnosis.