The Role of Nanotechnology in Modern Periodontal Practice

Abstract Nanotechnology has revolutionized dental research by enabling the manipulation of materials at atomic and molecular dimensions to improve diagnostic precision, therapeutic delivery, and tissue regeneration. Within periodontology, nanodentistry encompasses nanoscale materials, devices, and systems designed to enhance periodontal health through minimally invasive and highly targeted approaches. This review explores the diverse applications of nanotechnology in periodontal diagnostics, drug delivery, regeneration, and implantology. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, including nanospheres, nanofibers, and polymeric scaffolds, have demonstrated superior biocompatibility, site-specific release, and sustained antimicrobial action compared to conventional therapies. Nanorobotic dentifrices, mouthwashes, and nanohydroxyapatite formulations exhibit potential in continuous plaque removal and dentinal hypersensitivity management. In implantology, surface modifications using nanostructured coatings such as hydroxyapatite, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and silver nanoparticles significantly enhance osseointegration, osteoblastic adhesion, and peri-implant infection control. Furthermore, the integration of magnetic and metalloceramic nanoparticle systems opens novel frontiers for controlled drug delivery and regenerative therapy. Despite these promising advances, critical challenges persist. Nanotoxicity, biodistribution, and long-term biocompatibility remain inadequately understood, with evidence suggesting possible oxidative stress, DNA damage, and immune modulation following nanoparticle exposure. Limited clinical trials, regulatory constraints, and high production costs also hinder the translation of laboratory innovations into clinical practice. Addressing these issues through rigorous in vivo validation, standardized biosafety frameworks, and interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential for clinical adoption. Nanodentistry represents a transformative paradigm in periodontology, offering precise, regenerative, and patient-specific solutions for diagnosis and therapy. Future research must focus on bridging experimental innovation with clinical feasibility when ensuring safety, sustainability, and ethical deployment in dental practice.