Safety of JAK inhibitors: focus on cardiovascular and thromboembolic events

To date, four Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) are licensed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and/or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in North America and/or Europe: tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib. Most DMARDs have cardioprotective potential, yet for some of them, including JAKi, the modulatory effect on cardiovascular risk remains undetermined. Since their commercialization, the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) is taking on a relevant role in RA patients.In this article, we will review the effect of JAKi on CV risk and atherosclerosis process as major contributor to MACE. Furthermore, we will present the effect of JAKi on thromboembolic risk.Although the effect of JAKi on CV and thrombosis is one of the most relevant topic regarding RA patients, it is necessary to underline that these patients have an increased risk of these comorbidities due to the inflammation process, and further study are needed in order to understand the real role of JAKi in controlling or inducing these complications.