Development, evaluation and adaptation of a critical realism informed theory of procedural pain management in preterm infants: The PAIN‐Neo theory

Abstract Aim To present the development, evaluation and adaptation of the PAIN‐Neo theory. Design Theory development. Data Sources A review of literature was conduct from 1980 to 2021. Results Using a critical realism paradigm, this paper presents the PAIN‐Neo theory, which was developed from an analysis of existing theoretical perspectives on paediatric procedural pain, empirical studies conducted with preterm infants, and the research team's pain management expertise. The theory was then empirically tested and fine‐tuned. Implications for Nursing The PAIN‐Neo theory highlights that the neonatal nurse is part of a larger picture as she is influenced by factors related to her unit, hospital and country of practice. This theory emphasizes the importance of parental involvement in pain management, which is consistent with family‐centred nursing practices. Conclusion The PAIN‐Neo theory reflects the complexity of pain management nursing. This theory is innovative and specific enough to guide practice, structure research projects and contribute to the body of knowledge in the discipline of nursing.