Self‐Adaptive Nanoregulator to Mitigate Dynamic Immune Evasion of Pancreatic Cancer

Abstract The advance of immunotherapy has shifted the paradigm of cancer management in clinics. Nevertheless, a considerable subset of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients marginally respond to current immunotherapy due to the occurrence of dynamic immune evasion arising from intrinsic and therapeutic stress. In this investigation, the pivotal role of pancreatic cancer‐associated fibroblast (CAF)‐induced fibrosis and tumor cell‐mediated T‐cell exhaustion in driving the dynamic immune evasion is identified. Building upon this discovery, the authors herein engineer a novel peptide‐drug conjugate (PDC)‐based self‐adaptive nanoregulator for mitigating dynamic immune evasion of PDAC. The resulting nanoregulator can perform a two‐stage morphology transformation from spherical micelle to nanofiber, and subsequently from nanofiber to spherical nanoparticles. Such kind of nanostructure design can facilitate differentialized delivery of CAF inhibitor in the extracellular matrix for intervening CAF‐mediated tumor fibrosis, and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 inhibitor to tumor cells for relieving IDO1‐kynurenine axis‐induced T‐cell exhaustion. Antitumor study with the self‐adaptive nanoregulator elicited persistent antitumor immunity and remarkable antitumor performance in both Panc02 and KPC tumor models in vivo. Taken together, the PDC‐based self‐adaptive nanoregulator may provide a novel avenue for enhanced PDAC immunotherapy.