Functionalized metal-organic frameworks with biomolecules for sensing and detection applications of food contaminants

The increasing demand for toxin-free food, driven by the rise in fast food consumption and changing dietary habits, necessitates advanced and efficient detection methods to address the potential risks associated with contaminated food. Nanomaterial-based detection methods have shown significant promise, particularly using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) combined with biomolecules. This review article provides an overview of recent advancements in using functionalized metal-organic frameworks (FMOFs) with biomolecules to detect various food contaminants, including heavy metals, antibiotics, pesticides, bacteria, mycotoxins and other chemical contaminants. We discuss the fundamental principles of detecting food contaminants, evaluate existing analytical techniques, and explore the development of biomacromolecule-functionalized MOF-based sensors encompassing colorimetric, optical, electrochemical, and portable variants. The review also examines sensing mechanisms, uses FMOFs as signal probes and carriers for capture probes, and assesses sensitivity. Additionally, we explore the opportunities and challenges in producing FMOFs with biomacromolecules for food contaminant assessment. Future directions include improving sensor sensitivity and specificity, developing more cost-effective production methods, and integrating these technologies into real-world food safety monitoring systems. This work aims to pave the way for innovative and reliable solutions to ensure the safety of our food supply.