Therapeutic Potential of Genistein: Insights into Multifaceted Mechanisms and Perspectives for Human Wellness

Background: Genistein, a natural isoflavonoid found predominantly in legumes and soy-based foods, has garnered significant attention due to its multifaceted mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications. Chemically, genistein is a 4',5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone having a molecular formula of C15H10O5, which enables its interactions with diverse biological targets. Objective: The main objective of this review is to summarize the pharmacological effects of genistein, elucidating its potential mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the review emphasizes genistein's impact on human health when used as a dietary supplement. Methods: The authors have gone through a vast number of article sources from various scientific databases like Google Scholar, PubMed and Web of Science. Results: Genistein exhibits antioxidant properties by countering free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation. Genistein's anti-inflammatory effects involve inhibiting proinflammatory pathways and cytokine production. Notably, it shows anticancer potential against various malignancies by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, and hindering metastasis. Moreover, genistein has antidiabetic properties, enhancing insulin secretion, protecting β-cells, and improving glucose tolerance. Its antiviral and antibacterial actions contribute to inhibiting pathogen growth and viral replication. Genistein accelerates wound healing by minimizing oxidative stress, facilitating reepithelialization, and suppressing inflammation. Its potential in peptic ulcer treatment is supported by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Hepatoprotective activities include inhibiting lipid peroxidation, bolstering antioxidant defences, and modulating metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, genistein positively impacts the immune response, influencing cytokine levels, lymphocyte proliferation, and interferon production. Conclusion: Genistein's multifaceted pharmacological activities render it a promising dietary supplement with implications for diverse health conditions, warranting further comprehensive research to optimize its clinical utility.