Vortex-Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerator via Electrospinning of Nylon Nanofiber Yarn/PVDF-TrFE Membrane for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Flow Sensing

Airflow energy harvesting and wind-speed sensing are crucial for intelligent transportation systems, especially in electric vehicles and low-speed aircraft. This study introduces a vortex-driven yarn oscillation wind energy harvesting and sensing system (VYOWS), which uses vortex-induced vibration within a tubular channel to drive a core–sheath nylon yarn coated with electrospun nylon nanofiber. The dynamic contact between the yarn and nanofiber-based friction layers generates electrical signals through a combination of triboelectric and piezoelectric effects. To enhance output performance, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to PVDF-TrFE nanofibers to enhance β-phase crystallinity and dielectric polarization, while in situ polymerization of polyaniline (PANI) provided conductivity. The optimized design produced a maximum power output of 2.1 μW, successfully powered small electronic devices, and responded to wind speed and vehicle acceleration during on-road testing. The device also demonstrated hydrophobicity and long-term mechanical durability. This work provides a scalable approach to developing self-powered, airflow-responsive sensors for distributed flow monitoring and energy harvesting in next-generation smart mobility systems.